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Obessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a highly distressing and often misunderstood anxiety-related disorder characterized by obsessions and compulsions that can consume significant time, energy, and attention. OCD is not simply about being organized, perfectionistic, or liking things a certain way — it is a cycle of intrusive thoughts, intense anxiety, and behaviors or mental rituals that feel impossible to resist.

Research suggests that OCD involves differences in how certain areas of the brain communicate, particularly the systems involved in detecting threats, managing uncertainty, and determining when something feels “resolved” or complete.

Distressing intrusive thoughts

Unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that feel disturbing, frightening, or inconsistent with your values and who you are as a person. 

Fear of causing harm or something terrible happening

Unwanted fears, images, or thoughts about accidentally harming yourself or others, or being responsible for something bad from occurring. 

Excessive doubt or needing reassurance

Persistent uncertainty and a strong need for confirmation, certainty, or reassurance that you did something correctly, made the right decision, or that everything is okay. 

Fear of contamination or illness

Intense fears related to germs, illness, dirt, chemicals, or becoming contaminated, often accompanied by distressing thoughts about the consequences of exposure. 

A need for things to feel “just right” or complete

A strong sense that something is wrong, incomplete, or uncomfortable unless things are arranged, repeated, or done in a specific way. 

What Are Obsessions?

Obsessions are unwanted, intrusive thoughts, images, urges, fears, or doubts that repeatedly enter a person’s mind. These thoughts often feel alarming, disturbing, or inconsistent with who the person is, which can lead to intense feelings of anxiety, guilt, disgust, fear, or uncertainty.

Having these thoughts does not mean you want them, believe them, or that they define you. Intrusive thoughts are a common part of OCD — and effective treatment can help you change your relationship with them. 

Some common examples are listed to the right.

Checking behaviors

Repeatedly checking things such as locks, appliances, messages, work, or personal decisions in an attempt to feel certain or prevent something bad from happening.

Reassurance seeking

Frequently asking others for confirmation or repeatedly searching for answers to reduce doubt, fear, or uncertainty. 

Cleaning or washing rituals

Excessive cleaning, washing, or sanitizing behaviors performed to reduce fears about contamination, illness, or feeling “unclean.” 

Counting or repeating actions

Repeating words, movements, routines, or actions a certain number of times to reduce anxiety or achieve a sense that things feel “right.” 

Mental reviewing, analyzing, or “figuring things out”

Spending significant time replaying events, analyzing thoughts, searching for certainty, or trying to mentally solve fears or doubts. 

Avoiding situations that trigger anxiety

Staying away from people, places, activities, or experiences that create fear or discomfort, often as a way to prevent anxiety from increasing. 

What are compulsions?

Compulsions are repetitive behaviors, actions, or mental rituals performed in response to obsessions. They are attempts to reduce anxiety, gain certainty, prevent feared outcomes, or make uncomfortable thoughts and feelings go away.

Some common examples are listed to the left.

Subtypes of OCD

Contamination OCD

Fear of physical contamination (germs, dirt, chemicals) or mental contamination (feeling emotionally or morally tainted) that triggers excessive cleaning or avoidance rituals.

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Harm OCD

Intrusive thoughts, urges, or fears about accidentally or intentionally causing harm to oneself or others.  

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False Memory or Real Event OCD

Obsessive rumination over vivid memories of events that never happened and/or guilt stemming from minor, real-life mistakes.

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"Just Right" (Perfectionism) OCD

An intense, distressing need for objects, thoughts, or actions to feel absolutely complete, symmetrical, or "correct".    Typically not driven by fear of harm, it is triggered by an internal sense of incompleteness.

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Magical Thinking OCD

The belief that specific, unrelated thoughts, numbers, or actions can influence unrelated real-world outcomes.

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Pedophilia OCD 

Intrusive distressing thoughts or mental images of harming children that are highly inconsistent with the individual's actual values.

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Purely Obsessional ("Pure O") OCD

Features severe, ongoing intrusive thoughts or fears without outwardly visible physical compulsions, relying instead on internal, covert rituals like excessive rumination, mental reviewing, or checking.

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Relationship OCD

Persistent, distressing doubts about one's romantic partner, such as questioning if you love them enough or obsessing over their flaws.

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Scrupulosity (Religious or Moral) OCD

Obsessing over whether you have sinned, violated moral codes, or failed to perform religious duties correctly, often resulting in excessive confessing or praying.

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Sensorimotor (Somatic) OCD

Hyper-awareness of involuntary bodily functions, such as breathing, swallowing, or blinking.

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Sexual Orientation OCD

Intrusive, unwanted doubts and questioning about your sexuality, driven by anxiety over whether your feelings are "real".

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